Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 30 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (74%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia22 kt (est. 74%)Kazakhstan1.5 kt (est. 5%)Croatia0.9 kt (est. 3%)Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. 1%)Hungary: crude not from imports4.5 kt (15%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)28 kt (93%)Germany1.0 kt (3%)Slovakia1.0 kt (3%)Hungary: jet fuel supply30 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Germany
- Russia22 kt (est. 74%)
- Kazakhstan1.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Croatia0.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports4.5 kt (15%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 28,000 | 93.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 21,312 | 76.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,486 | 16.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,344 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 858 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 816 | 81.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 356 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 184 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 170 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 159 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 126 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 117 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 36 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 31 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Germany | 5 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (4,486 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (36 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (31 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.