Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Hungary's petrol supply was 143 kt: 71% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (14%) and Slovakia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (62%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia89 kt (est. 62%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 9%)Libya4.6 kt (est. 3%)Iraq3.6 kt (est. 2%)Croatia3.1 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia1.9 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan1.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 2%)Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (12%)Romania: crude not from imports2.3 kt (2%)Slovenia: no refinery2.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)102 kt (71%)Austria20 kt (14%)Slovakia10 kt (7%)Romania6.0 kt (4%)Czechia3.0 kt (2%)Slovenia2.0 kt (1%)Hungary: petrol supply143 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Russia89 kt (est. 62%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya4.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq3.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia3.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia1.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (12%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.3 kt (2%)
- Slovenia: no refinery2.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: petrol supply | 102,000 | 71.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: petrol supply | 20,000 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: petrol supply | 10,000 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: petrol supply | 6,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: petrol supply | 3,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: petrol supply | 2,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 78,530 | 77.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 17,188 | 16.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 8,819 | 88.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,542 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 4,199 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 3,547 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,141 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,141 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,308 | 38.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,955 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,856 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 1,784 | 59.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,341 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,181 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 716 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 697 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 619 | 10.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 532 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 417 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 371 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 330 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 287 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 261 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 187 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 36 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 16 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (17,188 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,308 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (2,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,996 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (532 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.