Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 27 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (86%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia23 kt (est. 86%)Croatia0.5 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. 1%)Hungary: crude not from imports1.2 kt (5%)Slovenia: no refinery1.0 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)25 kt (93%)Germany1.0 kt (4%)Slovenia1.0 kt (4%)Hungary: jet fuel supply27 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Russia23 kt (est. 86%)
- Croatia0.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports1.2 kt (5%)
- Slovenia: no refinery1.0 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 92.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 23,192 | 92.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,237 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 487 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 300 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 184 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 133 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 122 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 107 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 88 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 83 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 34 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 32 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (1,237 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (1,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (34 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (32 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.