Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Hungary's petrol supply was 133 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (11%) and Austria (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (79%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia105 kt (est. 79%)Kazakhstan7.1 kt (est. 5%)Libya3.5 kt (est. 3%)Iraq1.9 kt (est. 1%)Croatia1.9 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia1.0 kt (est. <1%)Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 2%)Hungary: crude not from imports4.9 kt (4%)Slovenia: no refinery2.0 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports1.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)99 kt (74%)Slovakia14 kt (11%)Austria12 kt (9%)Romania5.0 kt (4%)Slovenia2.0 kt (2%)Czechia1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: petrol supply133 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Russia105 kt (est. 79%)
- Kazakhstan7.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya3.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq1.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Croatia1.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Azerbaijan0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports4.9 kt (4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery2.0 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports1.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: petrol supply | 99,000 | 74.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: petrol supply | 14,000 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: petrol supply | 12,000 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: petrol supply | 5,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: petrol supply | 2,000 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 91,842 | 92.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 12,537 | 89.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,900 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,827 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,029 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,927 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 1,912 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,821 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,463 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,454 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,003 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 709 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 568 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 514 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 499 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania | 446 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 416 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 330 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 258 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 213 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 125 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 103 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 66 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 30 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 6 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (4,900 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (2,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Romania: crude not from imports (1,454 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (709 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (565 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.