Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 26 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (62%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia16 kt (est. 62%)Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 4%)Croatia0.4 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)Slovenia: no refinery4.0 kt (15%)Hungary: crude not from imports3.5 kt (13%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)20 kt (77%)Slovenia4.0 kt (15%)Germany1.0 kt (4%)Slovakia1.0 kt (4%)Hungary: jet fuel supply26 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Russia16 kt (est. 62%)
- Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Croatia0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United States0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Slovenia: no refinery4.0 kt (15%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports3.5 kt (13%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 76.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 4,000 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 15,143 | 75.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,451 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 971 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 883 | 88.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 434 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 218 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 191 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 190 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 126 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 98 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 85 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 77 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 76 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 41 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 15 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (4,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (3,451 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (85 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (15 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.