Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Hungary's petrol supply was 136 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (53%), Kazakhstan (19%) and Croatia (5%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia71 kt (est. 53%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 19%)Croatia7.1 kt (est. 5%)Libya2.3 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia2.0 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. 1%)Switzerland1.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)Hungary: crude not from imports16 kt (12%)Slovenia: no refinery3.0 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports2.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)106 kt (78%)Austria15 kt (11%)Slovakia6.0 kt (4%)Romania5.0 kt (4%)Slovenia3.0 kt (2%)Czechia1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: petrol supply136 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Russia71 kt (est. 53%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 19%)
- Croatia7.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya2.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia2.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Switzerland1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports16 kt (12%)
- Slovenia: no refinery3.0 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports2.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: petrol supply | 106,000 | 77.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: petrol supply | 15,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: petrol supply | 6,000 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: petrol supply | 5,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: petrol supply | 3,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: petrol supply | 1,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 66,865 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 16,257 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 15,798 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,845 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,080 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 4,216 | 70.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 3,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,346 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,074 | 41.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,029 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,333 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland | Slovakia | 1,239 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 735 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 721 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 614 | 12.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 546 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 507 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 447 | 44.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 399 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 370 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 257 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 155 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 127 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 38 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (16,257 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (3,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Romania: crude not from imports (2,074 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,053 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (741 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.