Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 37 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Germany (24%), Slovenia (14%) and Croatia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (43%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia16 kt (est. 43%)Kazakhstan2.6 kt (est. 7%)Norway1.6 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 4%)United States1.4 kt (est. 4%)Libya1.0 kt (est. 3%)Croatia0.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins3.1 kt (est. 8%)Slovenia: no refinery5.0 kt (14%)Hungary: crude not from imports2.6 kt (7%)Croatia: crude not from imports0.8 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)19 kt (51%)Germany9.0 kt (24%)Slovenia5.0 kt (14%)Slovakia2.0 kt (5%)Croatia2.0 kt (5%)Hungary: jet fuel supply37 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- Croatia
- Russia16 kt (est. 43%)
- Kazakhstan2.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway1.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan1.4 kt (est. 4%)
- United States1.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya1.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Croatia0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins3.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery5.0 kt (14%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports2.6 kt (7%)
- Croatia: crude not from imports0.8 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 19,000 | 51.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 24.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,000 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 14,037 | 73.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,772 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,619 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 1,815 | 90.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,609 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,571 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,435 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 1,064 | 53.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,053 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 986 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 773 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia: crude not from imports | Croatia | 760 | 38.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 566 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 312 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 267 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 176 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 114 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 71 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (5,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (2,619 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Croatia: crude not from imports (760 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (566 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (267 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.