Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 36 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports from Slovenia (22%) and Germany (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (51%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia18 kt (est. 51%)Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 3%)Norway1.1 kt (est. 3%)Croatia0.9 kt (est. 3%)United States0.8 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom0.4 kt (est. 1%)Libya0.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 3%)Slovenia: no refinery8.0 kt (22%)Hungary: crude not from imports3.4 kt (9%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)23 kt (64%)Slovenia8.0 kt (22%)Germany5.0 kt (14%)Hungary: jet fuel supply36 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Russia18 kt (est. 51%)
- Kazakhstan1.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway1.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Croatia0.9 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom0.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya0.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery8.0 kt (22%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports3.4 kt (9%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 23,000 | 63.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 8,000 | 22.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 5,000 | 13.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 18,269 | 79.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,357 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,221 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,087 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 921 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 835 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 669 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 453 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 448 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 364 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 274 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 102 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (8,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (3,357 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (274 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (102 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.