Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 40 kt: 39% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (31%), Romania (13%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (60%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia24 kt (est. 60%)Kazakhstan3.2 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan1.8 kt (est. 5%)Norway1.3 kt (est. 3%)United States0.9 kt (est. 2%)Libya0.7 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom0.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 5%)Hungary: crude not from imports3.1 kt (8%)Romania: crude not from imports1.4 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)16 kt (39%)Slovakia12 kt (31%)Romania5.3 kt (13%)Belgium2.4 kt (6%)Germany2.2 kt (6%)Netherlands1.1 kt (3%)Croatia1.0 kt (3%)Hungary: jet fuel supply40 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Romania
- Belgium
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Croatia
- Russia24 kt (est. 60%)
- Kazakhstan3.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan1.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway1.3 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins2.0 kt (est. 5%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports3.1 kt (8%)
- Romania: crude not from imports1.4 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 15,700 | 39.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 12,300 | 30.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 5,300 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,400 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,200 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,100 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 12,162 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 12,004 | 97.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,149 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,434 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,449 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 840 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 805 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 555 | 55.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 489 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 429 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary (own refineries) | 388 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 372 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 364 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 345 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 326 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 299 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 277 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 252 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 239 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 236 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 224 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 223 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 194 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 190 | 19.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 187 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 185 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 168 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 163 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 133 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 128 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 125 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 123 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 113 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 75 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 69 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 68 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 48 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 48 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 48 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 46 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 29 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (3,149 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude not from imports (1,449 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (426 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (353 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.