Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Hungary's petrol supply was 127 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (18%), Slovakia (10%) and Romania (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (60%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia77 kt (est. 60%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 12%)Libya4.5 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan3.7 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia2.3 kt (est. 2%)United States0.4 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (13%)Austria: crude not from imports2.2 kt (2%)Austria: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (2%)Romania: crude not from imports1.8 kt (1%)Slovenia: no refinery1.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)83 kt (65%)Austria23 kt (18%)Slovakia13 kt (10%)Romania6.5 kt (5%)Slovenia1.7 kt (1%)Czechia1.4 kt (1%)Hungary: petrol supply127 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Russia77 kt (est. 60%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya4.5 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan3.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia2.3 kt (est. 2%)
- United States0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (13%)
- Austria: crude not from imports2.2 kt (2%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (2%)
- Romania: crude not from imports1.8 kt (1%)
- Slovenia: no refinery1.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: petrol supply | 82,600 | 64.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: petrol supply | 22,600 | 17.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: petrol supply | 12,600 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: petrol supply | 6,500 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: petrol supply | 1,700 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: petrol supply | 1,400 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 63,987 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 16,570 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 12,297 | 97.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 11,577 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 4,167 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,985 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,204 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,143 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,043 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,916 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,777 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 1,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 987 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 521 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 421 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 367 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 301 | 21.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 255 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 250 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 227 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 167 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 161 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 157 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 136 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 73 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of petrol in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (16,570 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude not from imports (2,204 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (1,916 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Romania: crude not from imports (1,777 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (1,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (437 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.