Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 37 kt: 26% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (20%), Slovakia (20%) and Slovenia (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (35%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia13 kt (est. 35%)Kazakhstan2.9 kt (est. 8%)Libya1.3 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 2%)Norway0.6 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 2%)Hungary0.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom: no crude data7.3 kt (20%)Slovenia: no refinery6.7 kt (18%)Hungary: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)Slovakia: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)9.7 kt (26%)United Kingdom7.3 kt (20%)Slovakia7.2 kt (20%)Slovenia6.7 kt (18%)Germany3.5 kt (9%)Croatia1.4 kt (4%)Romania1.1 kt (3%)Hungary: jet fuel supply37 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Croatia
- Romania
- Russia13 kt (est. 35%)
- Kazakhstan2.9 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya1.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway0.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data7.3 kt (20%)
- Slovenia: no refinery6.7 kt (18%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 9,700 | 26.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 7,300 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 7,200 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 6,700 | 18.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 3,500 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,400 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,100 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,610 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 7,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 6,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 5,434 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,542 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,458 | 41.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 631 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 611 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 593 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 589 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 548 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 511 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 499 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 475 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 460 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 340 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 311 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 296 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 281 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 204 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 118 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 93 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 80 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 80 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 70 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 52 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania | 14 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (7,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (6,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (548 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (511 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (399 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (204 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.