Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 38 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (23%), Slovakia (14%) and the United Kingdom (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (43%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia17 kt (est. 43%)Kazakhstan3.2 kt (est. 8%)Norway0.8 kt (est. 2%)United States0.6 kt (est. 2%)Hungary0.5 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. 1%)Libya0.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 4%)Slovenia: no refinery9.0 kt (23%)United Kingdom: no crude data2.5 kt (6%)Hungary: crude not from imports2.3 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)17 kt (44%)Slovenia9.0 kt (23%)Slovakia5.4 kt (14%)United Kingdom2.5 kt (6%)Germany2.1 kt (5%)Netherlands1.2 kt (3%)Belgium1.0 kt (3%)Croatia0.2 kt (<1%)Hungary: jet fuel supply39 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Croatia
- Russia17 kt (est. 43%)
- Kazakhstan3.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- United States0.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya0.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery9.0 kt (23%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data2.5 kt (6%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports2.3 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 17,100 | 44.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 9,000 | 23.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 5,400 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,500 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 2,100 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,200 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 200 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 12,227 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 4,361 | 80.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,541 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 2,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,332 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 653 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 511 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 465 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 396 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 363 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 354 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 296 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 279 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 275 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 246 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 235 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 230 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 186 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 180 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 156 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 132 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 126 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 88 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 77 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 74 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 58 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 49 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 38 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 38 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 15 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 11 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 7 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (9,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (2,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (2,332 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (307 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (114 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.