Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Hungary's jet fuel supply was 36 kt: 20% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovenia (28%), Croatia (19%) and the United Kingdom (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (17%), Azerbaijan (9%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 47% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia6.0 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan3.2 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. 9%)Libya1.9 kt (est. 5%)Norway1.0 kt (est. 3%)United States0.8 kt (est. 2%)Côte d’Ivoire0.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins2.4 kt (est. 7%)Slovenia: no refinery10 kt (28%)United Kingdom: no crude data4.3 kt (12%)Hungary: crude not from imports1.8 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (1%)Hungary (own refineries)7.1 kt (20%)Slovenia10 kt (28%)Croatia6.7 kt (19%)United Kingdom4.3 kt (12%)Germany3.0 kt (8%)Romania1.4 kt (4%)Slovakia1.4 kt (4%)Belgium1.0 kt (3%)Netherlands1.0 kt (3%)Hungary: jet fuel supply36 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovenia
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Croatia
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Russia6.0 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan3.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan3.1 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya1.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway1.0 kt (est. 3%)
- United States0.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Côte d’Ivoire0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins2.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery10 kt (28%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data4.3 kt (12%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports1.8 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 10,000 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 7,100 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Croatia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 6,700 | 18.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 4,300 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 3,000 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,400 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,400 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Hungary: jet fuel supply | 1,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 5,031 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 2,813 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 1,769 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 1,434 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 1,378 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 947 | 67.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 870 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Croatia | 602 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 577 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 463 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 446 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 433 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 400 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 374 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 351 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 350 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 336 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 293 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's jet fuel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 291 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 246 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 246 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 223 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 185 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 180 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 176 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 147 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Hungary split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 137 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Hungary split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 123 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 123 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 117 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 114 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 106 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 67 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 65 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 49 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Romania | 49 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's jet fuel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 47 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 36 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (10,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (4,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (1,769 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (453 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (422 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.