Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 258 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (31%), the Netherlands (29%) and Belgium (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (32%) and Norway (8%), and 35% cannot be traced.
Country
United States82 kt (est. 32%)Norway21 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)Brazil10 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom9.1 kt (est. 4%)Iraq8.7 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom: no crude data81 kt (31%)Netherlands: crude not from imports4.5 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)61 kt (24%)United Kingdom81 kt (31%)Netherlands74 kt (29%)Belgium42 kt (16%)Ireland: road diesel supply258 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United States82 kt (est. 32%)
- Norway21 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil10 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom9.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq8.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data81 kt (31%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports4.5 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
10.0 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported10 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands7.4 kt (est. 74%)
- Belgium2.6 kt (est. 26%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 80,607 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 74,057 | 28.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 61,279 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 42,460 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 80,607 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 53,115 | 86.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20,081 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 11,435 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,150 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,423 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,947 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 8,164 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,439 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,381 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,619 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,507 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5,988 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 4,453 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,257 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,154 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,126 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,631 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,086 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,838 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (80,607 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (4,453 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,154 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,838 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.