Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Ireland's road diesel supply was 259 kt: 17% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (33%), France (31%) and the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%) and Norway (7%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States63 kt (est. 24%)Norway18 kt (est. 7%)Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan9.7 kt (est. 4%)Algeria8.6 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 11%)United States: no crude data86 kt (33%)United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (1%)France: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)44 kt (17%)United States86 kt (33%)France81 kt (31%)Netherlands37 kt (14%)United Kingdom11 kt (4%)Ireland: road diesel supply259 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United States
- France
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United States63 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway18 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria9.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan9.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria8.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 11%)
- United States: no crude data86 kt (33%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (1%)
- France: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2023)
28.6 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported29 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- France16 kt (est. 57%)
- Netherlands10 kt (est. 36%)
- Ireland (own refineries)2.1 kt (est. 7%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 85,930 | 33.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Ireland: road diesel supply | 80,695 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 44,358 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 36,907 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 10,876 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 85,930 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 35,312 | 79.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 17,167 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16,274 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10,876 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,253 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 10,030 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 8,204 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 8,121 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 7,363 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6,629 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 6,261 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 6,011 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,735 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 5,508 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 4,134 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 3,257 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,506 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2,161 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,094 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,615 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,246 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 1,217 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 484 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 379 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (85,930 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (10,876 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,378 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- France: crude origin not reported (3,257 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,246 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.