Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 305 kt: 5% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (49%), the Netherlands (30%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Norway (6%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
United States41 kt (est. 13%)Norway17 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 4%)Iraq9.0 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 3%)Brazil6.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom: no crude data151 kt (49%)United States: no crude data19 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)16 kt (5%)United Kingdom151 kt (49%)Netherlands93 kt (30%)Belgium26 kt (8%)United States19 kt (6%)Ireland: road diesel supply305 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States41 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq9.0 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil6.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data151 kt (49%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
14.4 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported14 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Netherlands6.3 kt (est. 44%)
- Belgium5.8 kt (est. 40%)
- Ireland (own refineries)2.3 kt (est. 16%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 150,509 | 49.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 92,984 | 30.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 25,737 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 19,287 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,436 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 150,509 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,456 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,287 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,419 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 12,505 | 76.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,579 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 8,471 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,287 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,800 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,423 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,283 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,834 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,265 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,084 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,767 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,699 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,117 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,991 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,298 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 1,633 | 9.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 935 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 680 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 463 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 168 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (150,509 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (19,287 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,800 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,991 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,801 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.