Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 304 kt, all of it imported, mainly from the Netherlands (50%), Belgium (18%) and the United Kingdom (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States44 kt (est. 14%)Norway43 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom20 kt (est. 7%)Iraq18 kt (est. 6%)Brazil13 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data49 kt (16%)Canada: no crude data33 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (4%)Belgium: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands151 kt (50%)Belgium56 kt (18%)United Kingdom49 kt (16%)Canada33 kt (11%)Germany15 kt (5%)Ireland: road diesel supply304 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Canada
- Germany
- United States44 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway43 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan25 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom20 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil13 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data49 kt (16%)
- Canada: no crude data33 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (4%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
26.2 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported26 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Netherlands14 kt (est. 53%)
- Belgium9.0 kt (est. 34%)
- Germany3.4 kt (est. 13%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 150,557 | 49.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 55,820 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 49,378 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Canada | Ireland: road diesel supply | 32,935 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,363 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 49,378 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 34,549 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada: no crude data | Canada | 32,935 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 26,976 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 17,265 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 14,764 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 14,223 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13,831 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 13,024 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12,451 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 10,209 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,007 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,069 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,940 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,289 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,026 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,913 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,457 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,356 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,339 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,948 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,565 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,436 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,056 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,377 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,017 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 842 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 404 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 314 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 93 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (49,378 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Canada: no crude data (32,935 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (12,451 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (8,069 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (842 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (314 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.