Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Ireland's road diesel supply was 240 kt: 21% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (30%), the United States (21%) and the Netherlands (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (26%) and Norway (7%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
United States62 kt (est. 26%)Norway16 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan5.4 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)Iraq3.9 kt (est. 2%)Brazil3.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins8.3 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom: no crude data71 kt (30%)United States: no crude data51 kt (21%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)51 kt (21%)United Kingdom71 kt (30%)United States51 kt (21%)Netherlands51 kt (21%)Belgium16 kt (7%)Ireland: road diesel supply240 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States62 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan5.4 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom4.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq3.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil3.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins8.3 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data71 kt (30%)
- United States: no crude data51 kt (21%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
8.3 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported8.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands5.2 kt (est. 62%)
- Belgium3.2 kt (est. 38%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 71,260 | 29.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 51,231 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 51,159 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 50,505 | 21.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,936 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 71,260 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 51,159 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 45,278 | 88.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 12,806 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,844 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,953 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,223 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,153 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,027 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,016 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,663 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,440 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,427 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,407 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,187 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,149 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,389 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,210 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 654 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 504 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 303 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 38 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (71,260 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (51,159 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (3,663 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (38 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.