Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Ireland's petrol supply was 96 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (24%) and the United Kingdom (23%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (43%), Nigeria (7%) and Azerbaijan (7%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States41 kt (est. 43%)Nigeria6.9 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan6.7 kt (est. 7%)Norway4.0 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan2.3 kt (est. 2%)Brazil1.8 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (23%)Ireland: crude not from imports2.4 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (2%)Ireland (own refineries)50 kt (52%)Netherlands23 kt (24%)United Kingdom22 kt (23%)Ireland: petrol supply96 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United States41 kt (est. 43%)
- Nigeria6.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan6.7 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway4.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan2.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (23%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports2.4 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (2%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
4.1 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Ireland's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.1 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands4.1 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 50,197 | 52.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 23,054 | 24.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 22,433 | 23.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 34,953 | 69.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 22,433 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 6,505 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 6,318 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,214 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,135 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,007 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,421 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,324 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,027 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,827 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,771 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 567 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 182 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (22,433 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (2,421 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,027 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.