Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Ireland's road diesel supply was 277 kt: 22% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (33%), the Netherlands (21%) and Belgium (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (26%), Norway (7%) and the United Kingdom (5%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States73 kt (est. 26%)Norway21 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)Canada10 kt (est. 4%)Iraq9.8 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan7.7 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria7.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 9%)United States: no crude data91 kt (33%)United Kingdom: no crude data9.3 kt (3%)Ireland: crude not from imports3.1 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)60 kt (22%)United States91 kt (33%)Netherlands59 kt (21%)Belgium43 kt (15%)France15 kt (6%)United Kingdom9.3 kt (3%)Ireland: road diesel supply277 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United States
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- United Kingdom
- United States73 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway21 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada10 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq9.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan7.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria7.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins25 kt (est. 9%)
- United States: no crude data91 kt (33%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data9.3 kt (3%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports3.1 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Total supply (Sep 2023)
277.5 thousand tonnes
100% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Last shipped from
- United States91 kt (33%)
- Ireland (own refineries)60 kt (22%)
- Netherlands59 kt (21%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 91,341 | 32.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 60,218 | 21.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 58,516 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 42,737 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,388 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 9,252 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 91,341 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 47,105 | 78.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16,726 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,217 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9,252 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,224 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,377 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,337 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,011 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,218 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,276 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,109 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,038 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,648 | 36.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,090 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,014 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 3,115 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,009 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 2,836 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,779 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,426 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,059 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,733 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 1,637 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,618 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,396 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,359 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,249 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,171 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,108 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 742 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 463 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 379 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 259 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | France | 118 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (91,341 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (9,252 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (3,115 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (3,009 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,138 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,100 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.