Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 308 kt: 20% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (36%), the Netherlands (25%) and Belgium (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (25%), Norway (8%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States77 kt (est. 25%)Norway26 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom11 kt (est. 4%)Brazil11 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 3%)Iraq9.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom: no crude data110 kt (36%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)63 kt (20%)United Kingdom110 kt (36%)Netherlands77 kt (25%)Belgium42 kt (14%)Germany15 kt (5%)Ireland: road diesel supply308 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United States77 kt (est. 25%)
- Norway26 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom11 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil11 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq9.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data110 kt (36%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported5.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2024)
15.4 thousand tonnes
5% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins4.0 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway2.7 kt (est. 18%)
- United States2.5 kt (est. 16%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 109,952 | 35.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 77,232 | 25.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 63,072 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 42,221 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,377 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 109,952 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 53,058 | 84.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16,046 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,707 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,670 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 10,014 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,398 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,926 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,933 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,065 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,738 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,704 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,319 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,899 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,453 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,234 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,000 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,592 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,873 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,748 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,452 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,799 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,717 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,292 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,057 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,003 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 968 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 534 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 456 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 125 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 62 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 61 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (109,952 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,319 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (5,234 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,574 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (968 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.