Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 344 kt, all of it imported, mainly from the Netherlands (62%), the United Kingdom (18%) and Belgium (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
United States59 kt (est. 17%)Norway42 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom26 kt (est. 7%)Iraq21 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 5%)Brazil16 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins27 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom: no crude data63 kt (18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported19 kt (6%)United States: no crude data14 kt (4%)Belgium: crude origin not reported5.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Netherlands213 kt (62%)United Kingdom63 kt (18%)Belgium39 kt (11%)Germany15 kt (4%)United States14 kt (4%)Ireland: road diesel supply344 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Germany
- United States
- United States59 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway42 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom26 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil16 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins27 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data63 kt (18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported19 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (4%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported5.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2024)
33.5 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported33 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands26 kt (est. 77%)
- Belgium5.7 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany2.1 kt (est. 6%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 212,835 | 61.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 62,948 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 38,734 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,142 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 14,418 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 62,948 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 49,224 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 33,161 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 25,631 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 22,711 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 19,055 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 18,941 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 15,509 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 14,988 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,418 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 13,615 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,131 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,869 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 5,719 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,416 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,347 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,077 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,963 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 2,725 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,634 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,137 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,729 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,389 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,262 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,223 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,202 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 961 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 524 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 366 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 146 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 55 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (62,948 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (19,055 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (14,418 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (5,347 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,202 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (512 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.