Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 271 kt: 28% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (43%), Belgium (15%) and the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (29%), Azerbaijan (6%) and Norway (5%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
United States79 kt (est. 29%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 6%)Norway14 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom7.1 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan6.3 kt (est. 2%)Brazil6.1 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom: no crude data117 kt (43%)Belgium: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)76 kt (28%)United Kingdom117 kt (43%)Belgium40 kt (15%)Netherlands38 kt (14%)Ireland: road diesel supply271 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States79 kt (est. 29%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom7.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan6.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil6.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data117 kt (43%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2024)
6.3 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported6.3 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Belgium3.4 kt (est. 54%)
- Netherlands2.9 kt (est. 46%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 116,962 | 43.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 75,798 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 40,368 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 38,206 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 116,962 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 59,588 | 78.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 16,210 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 11,190 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 9,521 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 8,243 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,226 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,738 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,051 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,039 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 4,008 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,903 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,695 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,356 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,165 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,912 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,366 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 2,064 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,782 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 316 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (116,962 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (3,695 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,366 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (316 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.