Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 266 kt: 10% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (41%), the Netherlands (34%) and the United Arab Emirates (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%) and Norway (6%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
United States57 kt (est. 21%)Norway17 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom8.6 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria8.4 kt (est. 3%)Brazil8.2 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia5.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)United States: no crude data109 kt (41%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data9.2 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)27 kt (10%)United States109 kt (41%)Netherlands91 kt (34%)United Arab Emirates15 kt (6%)Germany15 kt (6%)United Kingdom9.2 kt (3%)Ireland: road diesel supply266 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United States
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- United States57 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom8.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria8.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia5.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)
- United States: no crude data109 kt (41%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data9.2 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2024)
91.1 thousand tonnes
34% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States26 kt (est. 29%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 15%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 11%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 108,741 | 40.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 91,116 | 34.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 27,042 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,173 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,062 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 9,198 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 108,741 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 27,042 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 26,142 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 15,173 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,052 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,135 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9,198 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,962 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,927 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7,577 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,237 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 5,639 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,446 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,413 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,379 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,183 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,852 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,101 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 990 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 432 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 328 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 255 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 128 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (108,741 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (15,173 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (9,198 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,446 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,101 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (328 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.