Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 240 kt: 29% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (30%), the United Kingdom (23%) and the United States (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Algeria (10%) and Norway (7%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States55 kt (est. 23%)Algeria23 kt (est. 10%)Norway16 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom9.1 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan8.3 kt (est. 3%)Iraq6.7 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom: no crude data54 kt (23%)United States: no crude data25 kt (10%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)70 kt (29%)Netherlands72 kt (30%)United Kingdom54 kt (23%)United States25 kt (10%)Belgium19 kt (8%)Ireland: road diesel supply240 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Belgium
- United States55 kt (est. 23%)
- Algeria23 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom9.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan8.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq6.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data54 kt (23%)
- United States: no crude data25 kt (10%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.0 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jul 2025)
72.2 thousand tonnes
30% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 23%)
- United States14 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway11 kt (est. 16%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 72,245 | 30.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 69,725 | 29.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 54,326 | 22.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 24,538 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 18,988 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 54,326 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 38,326 | 55.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 24,538 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 23,385 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,525 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 14,109 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 11,435 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,440 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,309 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 8,014 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,818 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,422 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,005 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,227 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,629 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,610 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 801 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 301 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 296 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 269 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 38 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (54,326 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (24,538 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,005 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (296 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.