Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 325 kt: 18% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (35%), the United States (33%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (28%) and Norway (6%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
United States92 kt (est. 28%)Norway19 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom10 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)Iraq7.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 5%)United States: no crude data108 kt (33%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data16 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (2%)Ireland: crude not from imports4.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)59 kt (18%)Netherlands113 kt (35%)United States108 kt (33%)Belgium17 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates16 kt (5%)United Kingdom11 kt (4%)Ireland: road diesel supply325 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United States
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States92 kt (est. 28%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom10 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 5%)
- United States: no crude data108 kt (33%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data16 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (2%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports4.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2024)
10.2 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported10 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands9.0 kt (est. 88%)
- Belgium1.2 kt (est. 12%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 113,344 | 34.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 108,147 | 33.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 59,389 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,674 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,678 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 11,416 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 108,147 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 55,281 | 93.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,980 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 16,123 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 15,678 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13,876 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 11,416 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,450 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 9,149 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,992 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 8,661 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,373 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,740 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 4,108 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,475 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,200 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,508 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,919 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,804 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,250 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,209 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 948 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 362 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (108,147 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (15,678 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (11,416 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,740 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (4,108 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,209 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.