Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Ireland's road diesel supply was 297 kt: 20% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (38%), the United Kingdom (33%) and Belgium (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (26%), Norway (12%) and Nigeria (6%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States76 kt (est. 26%)Norway35 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria17 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan9.7 kt (est. 3%)Canada9.2 kt (est. 3%)Brazil6.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins25 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data98 kt (33%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.4 kt (3%)Ireland (own refineries)60 kt (20%)Netherlands112 kt (38%)United Kingdom98 kt (33%)Belgium28 kt (9%)Ireland: road diesel supply297 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2026)
17.2 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported17 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands7.5 kt (est. 44%)
- Ireland (own refineries)7.0 kt (est. 41%)
- Belgium2.7 kt (est. 16%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 111,710 | 37.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 97,991 | 33.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 59,781 | 20.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 27,753 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 97,991 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 45,745 | 76.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 25,192 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 24,682 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 20,313 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 10,327 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,324 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,354 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7,792 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,519 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,070 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 6,965 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,672 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,493 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,001 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,675 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,940 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,860 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,601 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 445 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 273 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (97,991 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,354 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.