Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Ireland's road diesel supply was 291 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (33%), France (23%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States53 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 8%)Norway14 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)Canada10 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia9.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data97 kt (33%)United States: no crude data15 kt (5%)France: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)67 kt (23%)United Kingdom97 kt (33%)France67 kt (23%)Netherlands29 kt (10%)Belgium15 kt (5%)United States15 kt (5%)Ireland: road diesel supply291 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- France
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States
- United States53 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)
- Canada10 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia9.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data97 kt (33%)
- United States: no crude data15 kt (5%)
- France: crude origin not reported3.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
13.8 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported14 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands5.5 kt (est. 40%)
- France5.2 kt (est. 37%)
- Belgium3.2 kt (est. 23%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 97,152 | 33.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Ireland: road diesel supply | 67,461 | 23.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 66,611 | 22.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 29,459 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,084 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 14,894 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 97,152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 34,454 | 51.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 24,092 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 23,073 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,894 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 9,361 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 9,174 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,931 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,635 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7,294 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,950 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 6,871 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,563 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,506 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 5,161 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude origin not reported | France | 3,551 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,150 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,121 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,915 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,902 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,654 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,632 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,626 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 1,448 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | France | 1,099 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 840 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 811 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 761 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 756 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 495 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 425 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 363 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (97,152 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,894 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude origin not reported (3,551 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,494 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,811 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.