Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 235 kt: 28% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (24%), the United Kingdom (24%) and the Netherlands (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (32%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States75 kt (est. 32%)Norway31 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 7%)Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)Algeria7.5 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom7.5 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria5.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins21 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data55 kt (24%)Belgium: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)65 kt (28%)Belgium56 kt (24%)United Kingdom55 kt (24%)Netherlands43 kt (18%)Sweden15 kt (6%)Ireland: road diesel supply235 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- United States75 kt (est. 32%)
- Norway31 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria7.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom7.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria5.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins21 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data55 kt (24%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2025)
15.1 thousand tonnes
6% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Norway9.2 kt (est. 61%)
- United States2.4 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 10%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 64,872 | 27.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 56,376 | 24.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 55,234 | 23.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 43,461 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,067 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 57,400 | 88.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 55,234 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 12,975 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,775 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,508 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 9,212 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,917 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,511 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,472 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,084 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,612 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,511 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,339 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,164 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,542 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,330 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,687 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,559 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,517 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,440 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,428 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,483 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,448 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 497 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 366 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (55,234 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (4,339 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,687 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (366 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.