Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 257 kt: 25% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (34%), Belgium (18%) and the United States (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Azerbaijan (8%) and Norway (6%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States54 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 8%)Norway14 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)Guyana6.4 kt (est. 2%)Brazil4.2 kt (est. 2%)Canada3.6 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom: no crude data88 kt (34%)United States: no crude data42 kt (16%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)64 kt (25%)United Kingdom88 kt (34%)Belgium48 kt (18%)United States42 kt (16%)Netherlands17 kt (6%)Ireland: road diesel supply257 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United States
- Netherlands
- United States54 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan11 kt (est. 4%)
- Guyana6.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil4.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Canada3.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data88 kt (34%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (16%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2025)
87.6 thousand tonnes
34% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United Kingdom88 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 87,593 | 34.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 63,635 | 24.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 47,544 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 41,949 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,576 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 87,593 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,949 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 41,824 | 65.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 21,811 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 11,192 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 8,184 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 8,170 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,654 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 6,418 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,300 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,068 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,058 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,961 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 2,869 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,408 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,108 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 964 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 768 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (87,593 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (41,949 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (964 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.