Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 305 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (45%), the United Kingdom (25%) and Belgium (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (28%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States85 kt (est. 28%)Norway35 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 5%)Brazil13 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria8.9 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data75 kt (25%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.0 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)69 kt (23%)Netherlands139 kt (45%)United Kingdom75 kt (25%)Belgium22 kt (7%)Ireland: road diesel supply305 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United States85 kt (est. 28%)
- Norway35 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil13 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria8.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data75 kt (25%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.0 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2025)
261 tonnes
<1% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Belgium0.3 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 138,595 | 45.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 74,834 | 24.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 69,472 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 22,307 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 74,834 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 53,250 | 76.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 30,318 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 28,983 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 20,855 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 19,499 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 16,222 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 11,598 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 11,195 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8,105 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,042 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,337 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 5,173 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,047 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,625 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,828 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,810 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 790 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 436 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 261 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (74,834 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,042 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,828 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (261 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.