Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Ireland's road diesel supply was 275 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (30%), the Netherlands (22%) and France (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (6%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States65 kt (est. 24%)Norway16 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 5%)Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria10 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan9.7 kt (est. 4%)Canada9.7 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 14%)United States: no crude data82 kt (30%)United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)62 kt (23%)United States82 kt (30%)Netherlands61 kt (22%)France47 kt (17%)Belgium11 kt (4%)United Kingdom11 kt (4%)Ireland: road diesel supply275 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United States
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- United States65 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq11 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria10 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan9.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Canada9.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 14%)
- United States: no crude data82 kt (30%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2023)
11.4 thousand tonnes
4% of Ireland's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United Kingdom: no crude data11 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 82,010 | 29.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 62,387 | 22.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 60,973 | 22.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Ireland: road diesel supply | 47,012 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 11,411 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 11,377 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 82,010 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 40,515 | 64.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 17,806 | 37.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,907 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 15,007 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 14,601 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 11,377 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 10,924 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8,102 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,271 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6,638 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,702 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,734 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,394 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,110 | 36.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,924 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,598 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,882 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2,588 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,464 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,291 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,391 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,323 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,214 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 763 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | France | 736 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 541 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 444 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 367 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 331 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Ireland split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 206 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (82,010 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (11,377 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,642 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (214 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.