Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 243 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (31%), Belgium (13%) and the Netherlands (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (9%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States59 kt (est. 24%)Norway23 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 8%)Spain16 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan8.5 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom7.6 kt (est. 3%)Libya4.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins22 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data76 kt (31%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)76 kt (31%)United Kingdom76 kt (31%)Belgium32 kt (13%)Netherlands28 kt (11%)Sweden17 kt (7%)Germany15 kt (6%)Ireland: road diesel supply243 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Sweden
- Germany
- United States59 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway23 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 8%)
- Spain16 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan8.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom7.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya4.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins22 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data76 kt (31%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
7.6 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported7.6 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands3.1 kt (est. 40%)
- Belgium2.0 kt (est. 26%)
- Germany1.5 kt (est. 19%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 76,267 | 31.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 75,631 | 31.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 32,424 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 27,649 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,616 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 14,702 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 76,267 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 41,779 | 55.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 18,074 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain | Ireland (own refineries) | 15,778 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,059 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 8,549 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,247 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,695 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,295 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,212 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,774 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,505 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,223 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,089 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,868 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,670 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,339 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,029 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,979 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,865 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,756 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,743 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,696 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,571 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,554 | 9.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,487 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,289 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,286 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,126 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,073 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 845 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 639 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Ireland split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 559 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 277 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 57 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 36 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (76,267 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,686 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (938 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.