Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 301 kt: 22% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (26%), the Netherlands (25%) and Belgium (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (11%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
United States58 kt (est. 19%)Norway32 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)Algeria24 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom13 kt (est. 4%)Canada10 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan9.6 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins40 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data78 kt (26%)Ireland: crude not from imports5.2 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)66 kt (22%)United Kingdom78 kt (26%)Netherlands76 kt (25%)Belgium65 kt (22%)Germany16 kt (5%)Ireland: road diesel supply301 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United States58 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria24 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom13 kt (est. 4%)
- Canada10 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan9.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins40 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data78 kt (26%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports5.2 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2025)
12.6 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported13 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands8.6 kt (est. 68%)
- Belgium2.3 kt (est. 18%)
- Germany1.7 kt (est. 13%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 78,172 | 26.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 75,581 | 25.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 66,315 | 22.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 64,855 | 21.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 15,704 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 78,172 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 30,155 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 23,056 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 18,853 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,685 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 15,082 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 14,948 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14,373 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,495 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,741 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 10,559 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 8,560 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,933 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,171 | 7.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 4,985 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,748 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 4,664 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,535 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,589 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,325 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,252 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,931 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,691 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1,378 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,275 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 681 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 571 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Germany | 495 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 410 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 312 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (78,172 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (5,171 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,535 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,846 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.