Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 258 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (32%), the Netherlands (28%) and Belgium (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (9%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States61 kt (est. 24%)Norway24 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan21 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 7%)Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria7.3 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom6.9 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins20 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom: no crude data83 kt (32%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (1%)Ireland (own refineries)60 kt (23%)United Kingdom83 kt (32%)Netherlands72 kt (28%)Belgium44 kt (17%)Ireland: road diesel supply258 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United States61 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan21 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria7.3 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom6.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins20 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data83 kt (32%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.7 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
6.9 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported6.9 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands6.1 kt (est. 89%)
- Belgium0.7 kt (est. 11%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 82,682 | 32.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 72,036 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 59,978 | 23.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 43,786 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 82,682 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 39,101 | 65.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 20,877 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16,077 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 12,934 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,767 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,555 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,063 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,912 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,690 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,141 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,010 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,155 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,651 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,029 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,477 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,925 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 2,582 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,105 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 721 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (82,682 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,651 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (2,925 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,610 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.