Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Ireland's road diesel supply was 344 kt: 7% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (43%) and the United Kingdom (34%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%) and Norway (8%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States57 kt (est. 17%)Norway27 kt (est. 8%)Brazil16 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom16 kt (est. 5%)Iraq13 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom: no crude data116 kt (34%)Origin not reported: crude unknown29 kt (9%)United States: no crude data17 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)23 kt (7%)Netherlands146 kt (43%)United Kingdom116 kt (34%)United States17 kt (5%)Belgium13 kt (4%)Imports, origin not reported29 kt (9%)Ireland: road diesel supply344 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- United States57 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway27 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil16 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom16 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq13 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria11 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data116 kt (34%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown29 kt (9%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported12 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
56.9 thousand tonnes
est. 17% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported57 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands32 kt (est. 56%)
- Ireland (own refineries)23 kt (est. 40%)
- Belgium2.3 kt (est. 4%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 146,358 | 42.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 115,537 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Ireland: road diesel supply | 29,302 | 8.5% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 23,387 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,751 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 12,656 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 115,537 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 31,925 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 29,302 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 24,439 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 22,722 | 97.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 16,751 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 15,246 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 15,089 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,230 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 12,392 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,559 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,863 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 10,615 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,315 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,297 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,762 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,656 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,573 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,013 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 800 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 681 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 665 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 560 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (115,537 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (29,302 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- United States: no crude data (16,751 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (11,559 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,573 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (665 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (29,302 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.