Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Ireland's petrol supply was 75 kt: 67% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (22%), the Netherlands (5%) and Belgium (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (55%) and Canada (8%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States41 kt (est. 55%)Canada6.2 kt (est. 8%)Denmark2.3 kt (est. 3%)Norway1.6 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.1 kt (est. 2%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.7 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data17 kt (22%)Ireland: crude not from imports2.6 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)50 kt (67%)United Kingdom17 kt (22%)Netherlands4.0 kt (5%)Belgium3.9 kt (5%)Ireland: petrol supply75 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States41 kt (est. 55%)
- Canada6.2 kt (est. 8%)
- Denmark2.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.7 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data17 kt (22%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports2.6 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 49,965 | 66.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 16,783 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 4,021 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: petrol supply | 3,930 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 39,085 | 78.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 16,783 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,989 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,585 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Denmark | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,306 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,149 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 895 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 848 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 832 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 702 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 577 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 573 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 555 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 420 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 369 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 277 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 223 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 151 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 141 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 96 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 76 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 35 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 32 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (16,783 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (2,585 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (373 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (67 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.