Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 114 kt, all of it imported, from the United Kingdom (73%), the Netherlands (18%) and Belgium (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%), and 75% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.0 kt (est. 7%)Norway4.0 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria3.7 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom2.7 kt (est. 2%)Brazil2.1 kt (est. 2%)Iraq1.9 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins4.2 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom: no crude data84 kt (73%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)United Kingdom84 kt (73%)Netherlands21 kt (18%)Belgium9.9 kt (9%)Ireland: jet fuel supply114 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States8.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway4.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria3.7 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom2.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins4.2 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data84 kt (73%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 83,570 | 73.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 21,017 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 9,872 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 83,570 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,963 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,562 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,553 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,167 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,064 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,993 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,991 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,747 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,455 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,427 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,254 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,124 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 963 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 837 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 697 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 684 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 590 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 418 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 398 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (83,570 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,254 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (684 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (590 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.