Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Ireland's petrol supply was 67 kt: less than 1% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (48%), the United Kingdom (46%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Norway (8%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 51% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.1 kt (est. 12%)Norway5.7 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan4.2 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom3.8 kt (est. 6%)Brazil3.3 kt (est. 5%)Iraq3.2 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria2.0 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins3.0 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom: no crude data31 kt (46%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)less than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands32 kt (48%)United Kingdom31 kt (46%)Belgium4.1 kt (6%)Ireland: petrol supply67 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States8.1 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway5.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan4.2 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom3.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil3.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq3.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria2.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins3.0 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data31 kt (46%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 32,103 | 47.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 31,211 | 46.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: petrol supply | 4,067 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 31,211 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,334 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,140 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,558 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,551 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,078 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,036 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,383 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,265 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,760 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 789 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 757 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 610 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 590 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 509 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 235 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 205 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 184 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 153 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 34 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 23 | 59.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland (own refineries) | 12 | 31.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 3 | 9.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (31,211 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,383 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (509 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (38 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.