Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 139 kt, all of it imported, mainly from the United Kingdom (89%) and the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 90% cannot be traced.
Country
United States3.0 kt (est. 2%)Norway3.0 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 1%)Brazil1.4 kt (est. 1%)United Kingdom1.3 kt (est. <1%)Iraq1.2 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria1.0 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)United Kingdom: no crude data123 kt (89%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom123 kt (89%)Netherlands12 kt (9%)Belgium4.0 kt (3%)Ireland: jet fuel supply139 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States3.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway3.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan1.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data123 kt (89%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 122,793 | 88.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 11,829 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 3,963 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 122,793 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,458 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,099 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,367 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,082 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,032 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,027 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 968 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 945 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 882 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 689 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 554 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 512 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 491 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 475 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 337 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 275 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 270 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 162 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 161 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 6 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (122,793 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,459 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (168 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.