Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Ireland's petrol supply was 66 kt: 30% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (56%), the Netherlands (8%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (28%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
United States18 kt (est. 28%)Azerbaijan3.1 kt (est. 5%)Norway1.9 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. 2%)Brazil0.9 kt (est. 1%)United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 1%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (56%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)20 kt (30%)United Kingdom37 kt (56%)Netherlands5.6 kt (8%)Belgium4.0 kt (6%)Ireland: petrol supply66 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States18 kt (est. 28%)
- Azerbaijan3.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway1.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan1.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil0.9 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom0.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (56%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 36,834 | 55.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 19,529 | 29.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 5,553 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: petrol supply | 4,033 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 36,834 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 16,428 | 84.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 3,101 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,154 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 986 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 898 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 767 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 758 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 642 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 563 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 521 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 508 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 500 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 484 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 482 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 454 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 343 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 274 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 164 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 76 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 6 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 6 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (36,834 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (954 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (82 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.