Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 158 kt, all of it imported, from the United Kingdom (76%), Belgium (18%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (5%), and 79% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway8.4 kt (est. 5%)United States5.9 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan4.2 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom3.0 kt (est. 2%)Iraq2.2 kt (est. 1%)Brazil2.2 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins5.5 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom: no crude data119 kt (76%)Belgium: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdom119 kt (76%)Belgium28 kt (18%)Netherlands10 kt (6%)Ireland: jet fuel supply158 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Norway8.4 kt (est. 5%)
- United States5.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan4.2 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom3.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq2.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil2.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins5.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data119 kt (76%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported4.1 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 119,479 | 75.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 28,416 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 10,098 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 119,479 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,630 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,585 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4,108 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,533 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,068 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,317 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,992 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,809 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,760 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,501 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,240 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,158 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 990 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 954 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 928 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 835 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 685 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 422 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (119,479 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (4,108 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (835 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.