Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 94 kt, all of it imported, mainly from the United Kingdom (85%) and Belgium (11%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 86% cannot be traced.
Country
United States3.0 kt (est. 3%)Norway2.8 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.1 kt (est. 1%)Iraq0.9 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.9 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (85%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdom80 kt (85%)Belgium10 kt (11%)Netherlands4.1 kt (4%)Ireland: jet fuel supply94 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States3.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway2.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.6 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (85%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 79,584 | 84.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 10,080 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 4,051 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 79,584 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,337 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,081 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,931 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,090 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,062 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 699 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 620 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 615 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 567 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 488 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 472 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 453 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 350 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 322 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 307 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 293 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 249 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 189 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 5 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (79,584 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (737 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.