Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Ireland's petrol supply was 73 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (30%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (30%), Azerbaijan (16%) and Spain (14%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
United States22 kt (est. 30%)Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 16%)Spain10 kt (est. 14%)Algeria5.5 kt (est. 8%)Norway0.3 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (30%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)49 kt (68%)United Kingdom22 kt (30%)Netherlands1.5 kt (2%)Ireland: petrol supply73 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- United States22 kt (est. 30%)
- Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 16%)
- Spain10 kt (est. 14%)
- Algeria5.5 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (30%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 49,445 | 67.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 22,028 | 30.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 1,501 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 22,028 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 21,903 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 11,758 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain | Ireland (own refineries) | 10,248 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,536 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 433 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 310 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 266 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 220 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 157 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 95 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 20 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (22,028 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (95 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (20 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.