Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 266 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (40%), the United Kingdom (24%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (9%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States41 kt (est. 16%)Norway25 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 6%)Algeria15 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)Spain14 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins42 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data63 kt (24%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)Ireland: crude not from imports5.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)65 kt (24%)Netherlands107 kt (40%)United Kingdom63 kt (24%)Belgium17 kt (6%)Germany15 kt (5%)Ireland: road diesel supply266 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Germany
- United States41 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway25 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria15 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom14 kt (est. 5%)
- Spain14 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins42 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data63 kt (24%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (3%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports5.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 107,166 | 40.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 64,809 | 24.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 63,121 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,766 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Ireland: road diesel supply | 14,605 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 63,121 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 31,487 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,777 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,891 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,342 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 15,811 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 14,946 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 14,908 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain | Ireland (own refineries) | 13,781 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 11,955 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,714 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,503 | 38.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 5,363 | 8.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,974 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,419 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,851 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,540 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,407 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,164 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,589 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,567 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,479 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 873 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 497 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 334 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 334 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 316 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 203 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 169 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Ireland split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 155 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (63,121 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (6,714 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (5,363 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,901 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (699 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.