Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 106 kt, all of it imported, from the United Kingdom (87%) and the Netherlands (13%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 88% cannot be traced.
Country
United States2.7 kt (est. 3%)Norway2.4 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan2.1 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 1%)Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.8 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria0.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 1%)United Kingdom: no crude data93 kt (87%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)United Kingdom93 kt (87%)Netherlands13 kt (13%)Ireland: jet fuel supply106 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- United States2.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway2.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.6 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data93 kt (87%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 92,787 | 87.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 13,487 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 92,787 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,741 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,377 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,057 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,582 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,505 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 970 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 845 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 782 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 629 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (92,787 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (845 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.