Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 285 kt: 22% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (34%), the United Kingdom (24%) and Belgium (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (9%) and Algeria (8%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States57 kt (est. 20%)Norway26 kt (est. 9%)Algeria23 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan8.6 kt (est. 3%)Iraq8.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins34 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom: no crude data68 kt (24%)United States: no crude data17 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (3%)Ireland: crude not from imports4.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)64 kt (22%)Netherlands96 kt (34%)United Kingdom68 kt (24%)Belgium41 kt (14%)United States17 kt (6%)Ireland: road diesel supply285 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United States
- United States57 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway26 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria23 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom12 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan8.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq8.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins34 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data68 kt (24%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.4 kt (3%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports4.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 96,338 | 33.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 68,132 | 23.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 63,616 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 40,577 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 16,653 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 68,132 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 29,202 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 22,204 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21,565 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,952 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 16,653 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 16,363 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,411 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,773 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 11,407 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,734 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,868 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 7,745 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,412 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 6,831 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,138 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 4,465 | 7.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,014 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 873 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 575 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 569 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 431 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (68,132 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (16,653 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,412 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (4,465 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (575 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.