Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Ireland's petrol supply was 78 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Kingdom (28%), the Netherlands (11%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (32%), Algeria (18%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States25 kt (est. 32%)Algeria14 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan4.8 kt (est. 6%)Norway2.7 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan2.3 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom1.2 kt (est. 2%)Brazil0.9 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (28%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (1%)Ireland (own refineries)41 kt (53%)United Kingdom22 kt (28%)Netherlands8.6 kt (11%)Belgium6.1 kt (8%)Ireland: petrol supply78 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United States25 kt (est. 32%)
- Algeria14 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan4.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway2.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan2.3 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom1.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil0.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins4.1 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (28%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: petrol supply | 41,388 | 53.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: petrol supply | 21,765 | 28.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: petrol supply | 8,558 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: petrol supply | 6,091 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 22,750 | 55.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21,765 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 13,881 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 4,757 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's petrol to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,058 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,048 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,671 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,356 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,355 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,164 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,118 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 984 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 837 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 711 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 671 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 257 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 225 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 95 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 86 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 12 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (21,765 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (806 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.