Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Ireland's road diesel supply was 292 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports from Belgium (35%), the United Kingdom (31%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (10%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
United States64 kt (est. 22%)Norway28 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)Algeria15 kt (est. 5%)Brazil9.1 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan8.4 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom8.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data91 kt (31%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (2%)Ireland (own refineries)70 kt (24%)Belgium101 kt (35%)United Kingdom91 kt (31%)Netherlands30 kt (10%)Ireland: road diesel supply292 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Ireland (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States64 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway28 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria15 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil9.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan8.4 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data91 kt (31%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (2%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 101,134 | 34.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 91,288 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 69,528 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 30,393 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 91,288 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 46,114 | 66.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 31,693 | 31.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 22,604 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 19,899 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 15,348 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 12,486 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 8,066 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,966 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6,203 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,728 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,315 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 5,290 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,310 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,936 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,932 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,574 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,231 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 355 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (91,288 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,806 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.