Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Ireland's jet fuel supply was 121 kt, all of it imported, from the United Kingdom (92%) and the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 93% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway1.9 kt (est. 2%)United States1.8 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan1.4 kt (est. 1%)Brazil0.9 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom0.7 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data111 kt (92%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)United Kingdom111 kt (92%)Netherlands9.1 kt (8%)Ireland: jet fuel supply121 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Norway1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- United States1.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data111 kt (92%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 111,483 | 92.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Ireland: jet fuel supply | 9,061 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 111,483 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,859 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,774 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,357 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 868 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 804 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 738 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 574 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 560 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 525 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Ireland’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (111,483 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (560 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.